Revision test

Test of chapters 5-8 on 13/11/17

Human development

Q.Define developmental milestones.

A.indicators of development 

    .normal measures of an average child.

Q.Define Growth and development 

              or

Q.Difference between growth and development 

  Growth                          Development 

    1.physical change 1.physical,social and psychological 

     2.Quantitative. 2.Quantitative and qualitative 

     3.indicated in increased height and weight 3.process of developing skills and capacities.

     4.Growth influences the process of development but not always 4.Development occurs without growth.

Q.Factors affecting growth and development 

A.Heridity-example height,size of the head etc 

.Socio economic level example high SES- superior nutritional status -fewer diseases 

.Methods of child rearing practices example democratic.authoritarian or authoritative parents 

.Emotional factors example children from broken homes do not grow to an optimum level.

.Birth order example sometimes first born gets more attention 

.Peer group 

Q.Principles of development

A.Development involves change.ex.child’s babbling changes to words followed by sentences.

.Development is continuous and lifelong.

.Development proceeds from general to specific example general vocabulary is followed by specific vocabulary

Development occurs from simple to complex ex.initially child plays with a toy wooden telephone then toy telephone then wooden block for a telephone and later may just close his fist and put it to his ear for a telephone.

.Development is multidirectional-proximodistal and cephalocaudal

 

.Development occurs in stages for different parts of the body ex. Nose ,hands attain adult size during adolescence,brain attains full maturity around 6-8 years.

.Development is predictable example A child's weight can be predicted that at 2 years it will be four times his birth weight.

.Development is due to maturation example A child can sit only when his back muscles are ready to support his body.

.All domains of development are correlated example A physically healthy child is likely to have better social,emotional and cognitive abilities.

.There are individual differences in development example Some children may teeth,talk,learn to walk much earlier than others.

.Development is influenced by heredity and environment.

Q.Define Adolescence and describe various stages of development by Hurlock

A.period of transition from childhood to adulthood 

Q.Characteristics of adolescents 

A.emotional turmoil,rebellious attitude,identity crisis,want freedom,importance to peers,idealism,attraction towards opposite sex,egocentrism ie usually see things from their own perspective,imaginary audience ie they believe that every act is being viewed by an imaginary audience,personal fable-they believe that they are unique and nothing wrong can happen with them ex-drive fast thinking they can't meet with an accident,bad things happen only to others.

Q.Needs of adolescents 

A.Physical and nutritional needs 

(a)need for physical activity-need lot of opportunities to exercise their growing bodies and build their stamina 

(b)need for nutrition-food habits base for their future health otherwise they can suffer from nutritional deficiencies.

Psychological Needs 

.Need for an identity-understand who they are 

.Need to develop self esteem-look at themselves in a positive way and feel good about themselves.

.Need for security-Parents need to give time to their children so that they feel valuable,loved and wanted.

.Need for competence and achievement-opportunities to prove themselves and earn respect of others.

.Need for independence/autonomy-parents should respect their child's thinking and should encourage them to freely express their views and feelings.

.Need for creative expression-opportunities to express their feelings,abilities and thoughts 

.Need to develop healthy social relationships-opportunities to cooperate and develop skills of communication,leadership 

.Need for structured rules and clear limits-opportunities to choose between right and wrong with the help of structured set of rules in the form of moral standards beliefs and value systems.

.Need for meaningful participation-opportunities to develop their skills to participate in community activities.

Q.How adolescents can deal with stress?

A.Regular Exercise,Nutritious food,pursue hobby,effective communication skills,Adequate sleep.

Q.Effect of heredity and environment on identity 

A.effect of heredity

-body structure -endomorphic,mesomorphic,ectomorphic

-natural personality traits-extrovert or introvert 

-temperament-optimistic or pessimistic 

Effect of environment 

-Nutrition 

-Learning opportunities 

-Child rearing practices-authoritarian,authoritative.democratic

-Media.positive is -creates awareness,remains updated 

             negative is-eating disorders,cybercrime Q.Difference between primary and secondary sexual characteristics  

A

Q.Effect of cognitive development on adolescents 

A.-Because of imaginary audience become self conscious 

-because of hypothetical deductive reasoning can devise plans to solve problems 

-because of propositional thought or logical thinking can evaluate the logic of verbal statement even if they are not true.

-because of idealism they have a strong sense of right and wrong 

-because of egocentrism they love talking about themselves.

-because of personal fable they believe nothing can go wrong with them.

-because of abstract thinking they can imagine anything even if they have never seen it.

Q.Effect of culture on adolescents 

A.The way they behave,talk and conduct themselves in their personal relationships.

-importance to honesty,hard work,patriotism ,service before self,empathy respect,tolerance are reflection of a particular culture.

Effect of peer,parents and teachers on the personality of adolescents 

A.EFFECT OF PEER GROUP 

Positive peer pressure helps to develop healthy habits like good studying habits and negative peer pressure encourages antisocial habits like class bunk and unhealthy habits like drug abuse 

EFFECT OF PARENTS 

-Democratic parents will help them to become sensible and sensitive human beings and authoritarian parenting might result in making them bullies or they might develop submissive personality traits.

EFFECT OF TEACHERS 

Teachers will affect their attitude towards curricular and co curricular activities which can help them to develop a strong personality.

Q.Define 

A.Identity- you are,the way you think about yourself,the way you are viewed by the world and the characteristics that define you.i

Negative identity-identity that is in direct opposition to which most adults and parents would advocate 

Q.Reasons for anger in adolescents 

A

Q.Ways to deal with anger 

Q.Differnce in growth spurt of girls and boys  

,

 

Adolescence

This week in class (17/4/17-22/4/17)
.Define growth and development
.Recognize and help to meet the various needs of adolescents